RECLAMATION BEACH

Reclamation is a process of creating new land in an area of ​​water / coastal or swamp areas. (Wikipedia) It generally makes the background by the increasing levels of human populations, especially in coastal areas, causing land for construction of more and more narrow. Population growth in all its activities can not be released with the issue of land needs. Development aimed at the welfare of the people who are hungry land has led to the expansion of the area are indisputable. Reclamation benefits and can help the city in order to provide land for various purposes (urban sprawl), the arrangement of coastal areas, the development of marine tourism, and others. But it must be remembered, however, that reclamation is a form of intervention (intervention) of man to balance the natural environment of the beach which is always in a state of balance dynamic that will give birth to ecosystem changes such as changes in current patterns, erosion and sedimentation beach, and the potential environmental disturbances Act No. , 27 of 2007 on the Management of Coastal and Small Islands in Article 34 explains that reclamation can only be implemented if the social and economic benefits that is greater than the cost of the social and economic costs. However, reclamation

also obliged to maintain and pay attention to such things as:

a) the sustainability of life and livelihoods.

b) keseimbanganantara interests of utilization and conservation of the coastal environment.

c) the technical requirements capture, dredging and backfilling material

Reclamation can also be interpreted as a job or business to take advantage or land areas relatively useless or is empty or runny into useful land by way of backfilling or drying. In this planning, land reclamation carried out in the area of ​​the aqueous silver cape, Surabaya on watery land generally have soft soil foundation so that when stockpiled there will be a settlement on the basis of land. In marine biology study group portal University of Gajah Mada, mentioned reclamation activities both at the stage before reclamation, when reclamation and post reclamation, must consider several aspects, namely physical, ecological, legal, social, economic, and other ancillary aspects.

To be aware of the physical aspects, among others: spatial, land, hydrology, drainage network, river mouths, tongues of sand, sand island, delta, hidrooseanografi, geomorphology, soil and water. To be aware of the ecological aspects, among others: biota (flora / fauna land and waters, endemic, rare, diversity, abundance, biomass, and biota migratory), habitat / coastal ecosystems (mangroves, coral reefs, seagrass beds, wetlands) , protected areas (mangrove green lines), as well as environmental services owned coastal areas (nursery grounds, spawning areas, sewage infiltration, infiltration of rain water, and others). To be aware of the legal aspects, including customary law and land rights. To be aware of the socio-economic and cultural aspects is the public perception, economic activity, demographics, local knowledge, local cultural heritage and cultural sites. While supporting aspects, including: environmental services, environmental carrying capacity, site accessibility, as well as public facilities.

1. How reclamation is highly dependent on the system used, which generally reclaimed distinguished four systems, namely:

a. The system heap

The system is suitable heap conducted in tropical regions that have very high rainfall, and the method is most popular in Indonesia. Reclamation is done by landfill, coastal waters to land face is above sea level high. Broadly speaking piled reclamation system is done by building a dike around the area to be reclaimed and the reclaimed material covering, to the rest of the land to be reclaimed either by land or pumped through pipes and sand by passing.

In addition, the reclamation is done layer by layer with a thickness tiaplapisnya ranged from 0.30 to 1.00 meters according to the type of subgrade and leveling of land reclamation. In addition, preparation of the land reclamation with the installation of vertical drainage, pemadatanlahan and soil bearing capacity improvement activities ..

b. Polder system

Polder system is done on site with good drainage. Reclamation system is less suitable for areas that have very high rainfall. Reclamation is done by drying the water will be reclaimed by pumping water inside watertight dikes to be dropped out of the area of ​​reclaimed land. Broadly speaking, the implementation of the reclamation is done by building a watertight dikes surrounding the area to be reclaimed, then the water is pumped so dry, and repairs subgrade to be used according to the designation. In addition, the creation of a network of drainage and pumping is done to ensure that the reclaimed land can be dried well in the dry season and the rainy season.

c.Sistem combined heap-polder

A combination system (heap-polder), preceded by pumping water, land obtained then backfilled to certain ketinggi, so the difference in elevation between land reclamation and sea level is not great.

d.Sistem drainage.

The drainage system is used for coastal areas and the relatively low level of the surrounding area, but the land surface elevation is higher than sea level. This region can be wetlands (tidal or not). By making a good drainage system as well as the doors of the regulator, this coastal region can be utilized for residential areas and agriculture. In general, there are two forms of reclamation, namely:

1. Reclamation attached to the mainland coast

Forms attached to the beach can be done on the beach with good drainage, so the reclamation activities did not result in the management of drainage and reclamation separated from the mainland coast.

2. Reclamation separate form from the beach

Apart form of beaches conducted in relatively poor condition of the drainage system, so if reclaimed stick to the coast will increase the potential for flooding.

Advantages sticking beach reclamation is the ease of manufacture

infrastructure and transportation networks, while the loss would obstruct or extend the existing drainage network system thereby increasing the water level in the estuary impacting increase the potential for flooding upstream. According Prof.Ir. Hang Tuah Océ M. Salim, PhD., A professor of marine engineering ITB, ideally reclamation are not directly connected, there should be a distance to the mainland and islands shaped. D. System Pile Structure Deck On Deck On Pile Pier (open type structure) using a series of piles (piles) as the foundation for the dock floor. Under the floor of the dock, the slope of the land is made in accordance with the natural slope and coated with reinforcement (revement) to prevent erosion of the soil due to water movement, may be the installation of piles tilted. In general, the type of pole structure on Pier Structure Deck On Pile slightly sensitive to local vibrations like underwater collisions due to the ship's bow than other dock structures.

1. The advantage of using Structure Deck Pier On Pile:

a. Already commonly used by project implementers

b. Easy execution

c. Easier maintenance

2. Losses / obstacles in using Structure Deck Pier On Pile:

a. necessary dredging work with large volumes

b. the necessary protection to the slope of the ground beneath the floor of the dock

c. required mounting mast tilted when lateral force is quite large.

In the structure of the pier, the dominant load not only from the vertical direction only. ship activity at the time of berthing and mooring contribute burden fairly large horizontal direction on the structure of the pier. Given these burdens, the length of pile foundation is not only determined by the carrying capacity, but also need to pay attention to lateral capacity that can be accepted by the stake. The entire burden of the work are taken into account and used as input loads on the structure .. The reaction generated by the pile is then used as input data for the calculation of the depth of the pile with the methods available. The results show that the finite element simulation by applying a long-pinch point calculation results lateral capacity on the structural model, resulting in a load lateralyang provide long-pinch point is similar to the model. The structure of the pier deck on the pier pile is a kind of open to the floors and beams pier rested on poer / pilecap supported by piles as foundation structures where stability depends on the bearing capacity and lateral capacity of piles.

E. Expenses Expenses are working on Pier

Here is a scheme load load acting on the dock, terdiribeban-load

among others ;

• Load Off (Dead Load)

• Vertical Load

• Living Expenses (Live Load)

• Load Wave

• Horizontal Load

• Load current in the edges Pier

• Load Earthquake

Dock

F. Water Survey Data

1. Aspects of bathymetry

Bathymetry aspect aims to determine variations in the depth and

the penghalan objects / obstacles in the shipping lanes around the dock.

Based on data

batymetri survey results we can conclude that

waters in the dock patchouli silver cape is a deep water,

wherein a depth of 11:00 am from 12:00 LWS about 20 m from the edge of the dock

Patchouli.

2. Aspects of Hydro-oceanography

a. Data tides

To determine the boundaries of sea level at the highest tide

and the lowest ebb it is necessary to measure the tides.

Limit sea level at the lowest tide usually called

denganLow Water Surface (LWS), useful for a reference

for determination of elevation contours of the land and the whole building.

3. Data Flow

Usefulness of the data flow is to determine and plan

horizontal forces that affect the stabilization of the structure of the pier

4. Data Wind

Wind

could

cause

occurrence

wave

as well as

flow

surface, but because of the location of the sheltered harbor

the effect of wind waves is relatively small.

5. Data Investigation land

Ground investigation data at Pier Nilam Perak Port Tanjunf

carried out with a view to obtaining data plan and

information about the characteristics and mechanical phisis bottom ground layer

sea ​​for the purpose of carrying a calculated pier piling.

G. Methods of Implementation Work Plan

In general, the method of implementation of the project for each job is the same, namely

include:

1. Preparation Work

The preparatory work is beginning to be implemented for contractors

provide facilities that support the continuity of execution

project. The preparatory work carried out to facilitate contractors

in starting the next job so that the use of tools and materials

be well-organized and input-output use of tools and

the material according to the schedule, so it does not clash use of tools and

material buildup. In this case will be explained a few important things

in the implementation of preparatory work. (Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

2. Land Preparation Project Area

In the preparatory phase of the project area the contractor shall provide all

equipment

for example,

lamp

for

lighting,

signposts

while job security, labor and people, including

everything necessary to carry out the job with

good and always be ready for work in progress. Work

This preparation includes also the development of access roads, providing office

field for contractors and directors, barracks for shelter

employees or employees of contractors, the field for the preparation of (Work-

yards), workshops, depots and warehouses. (Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

3. Mobilization and Demobilization

Mobilization is to move equipment and materials from location to another

for operational purposes. Mobilization is done by making the road

while as the mobilization of supporters access to the tools and materials

field. The Contractor shall perform the loading for transportation

central warehouse contractor or where the equipment is located,

transportation and delivery of equipment and materials and spare parts

to the location of the work, demolition, installation so that ready-made

all equipment, materials and spare parts including everything

necessary to carry out the work. (Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

Demobilization is hauling out the tools and materials after

completed work. Demobilization should include cleaning the field of

all tools, equipment, materials, personnel, staff, workers barracks,

temporary facilities and office space built by the field

contractor to carry out this work are listed in

contract. Contractors had to leave the project site and results

work in a clean condition and with a good quality of work

in accordance with the directives of directors. All tools, equipment or

material supplied by the contractor to carry out the work

This may only be removed from the site after receiving

the approval of the board of directors. Such approval will not be held without

strong enough reason. (Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

4.

Measurement jobs and Setting Out

Measurement work is the beginning of the construction that is

move jobs to the image field size. Setting out is

the work of determining a reference point or sring called Bench Mark as

base point to start construction work. One of the goals of

measurement and setting out the work is to determine the location or

plan the work and got the points elevation required.

(Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

a. To determine the position and height of the building on the ground,

the contractor must carry out measurements in the field accurately and

true, according to Mark or reference Banch fixed point on the pitch

as shown in the pictures or on the instructions of the board of directors.

b. Measurements for the determination of the position is done with equipment

have a high level of accuracy with the method of triangulation and

the results are submitted to the board of directors for approval.

c. In some cases there are differences in the pictures and plans

the results of measurements carried out contractors with reality

No field, then before reporting it to the board of directors for

mendapakan decision, made and stated in the minutes.

d. Decisions will be the result of the measurement by the office will be based on

security

construction

and

smoothness

operational

use

the building.

5. Stakes Reference, Bowplank and measurement

Peg determining the point of reference or as the building is to determine as

building for the implementation of further construction. Determination of the point as

the building is used to facilitate the construction process

in lanpangan. (Bambang Triwibowo, 2009)

a. The Board of Directors will determine the Bench Mark as reference

set in the field. When the Bench Mark no contractor

Bench Mark is obliged to make in accordance with the instructions of directors.

b. All the limit height (elevation) is expressed in meters

for Mean Sea Level (MLS). Whereas the measures

expressed in meters, unless otherwise stated.

c. The Contractor shall or shall make Bowplank and install patok-

peg maid, as guidance to ensure

accuracy of shape, position, direction of elevation and others, which should

maintained the integrity of the location and height during work

ongoing.

d. Before work begins stakes helpers, should Bowplank

approved by the board of directors. Stakes and other references should not be

removed before it was ordered by the directors.

e. The contractor must hold a tide observations during

implementation of the work in progress. Tide observations allowed

use the automated equipment (auto tide gauge) or by mounting

palm and observed periodically manually and placed in

safe.

6. Employment Survey, investigations and laboratory tests

Employment surveys, investigations and laboratory tests are job

updating the data necessary for calculating the environmental and

guidelines for the implementation of the next job.

a. Survey

•

Contractor needs to carry out the re-measurement delam

water (bathymetry) to obtain current data as a

guidelines for the subsequent construction process

•

•

Equipment to be used is the digital equipment

The use of manual tools required to have a license

use and assignor and approved by the consultant

supervisor

•

The equipment used is equipment in good condition and

has a calibration certificate up to the age of 1 week on

when used.

b. Investigation

•

Contractor needs to carry out investigation back ground conditions

to obtain current data as a guide to the process

The next construction implementation

•

Contractors were asked to propose the stage, the scope of work

and the list of equipment to be used to the assignor

supervisors and consultants

c.

Laboratory Tests

•

Contractors need to carry out laboratory tests on data-

data obtained from the survey and investigation.

•

Implementation of laboratory tests covers materials

will be used in construction work.

•

Contractor

requested

for

propose

stages,

scope,

jobs and locations that will be used to the assignor

and supervising consultants.